Attributable patient risk in nuclear medicine procedures and establishment of diagnostic reference levels

Abstract

The assessment of risk related to medical exposures as a justification tool to assist decision-making of the medical team is not available in clinical routine. The determination of diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for nuclear medicine (NM) procedures has been proposed as an optimization tool, but this tool has still been aimed at a standard adult individual. It is known that the activity administered, and the consequent absorbed doses in critical organs, represents the risk of a procedure being cancer induction the greatest concern, especially for young patients.Thus, the adjustment of administered activity and procedure risk to promote risk–benefit assessment is a promising tool for routine clinical use. This work aims to present a tool for determining DRLs in the administered activity related to the patient’s characteristics—age group, sex,and body mass index (BMI), in order to assist the medical decision regarding the risk–benefit ratio. Thus, it is possible to assess the risk of carcinogenesis in groups of patients, considering absorbed doses in organs, cancer incidence, and mortality rates in our country. NIREA is an IT tool developed in PHP language for web environment as a friendly software.It allows the establishment of DRL and risk of cancer induced by radiation assessment through the estimation of absorbed doses in specific organs and based on the risk methodology of BEIR VII. The absorbed and effective doses were estimated based on the dose conversion factors of the radiopharmaceuticals published by the International Commission on Radiological Protection adjusted for the patient groups. Based on data from 2256 patients who underwent diagnostic procedures at National Cancer Institute between 2017 and 2019, the program was used, resulting in important information for conducting the clinical routine extracted as DRL, absorbed doses, and risk assessments, considering patient-specific data such as age, sex, and BMI. The methodology developed in this work allows NM services to keep their data available and updated regarding local DRLs, in addition to allowing the nuclear physician to know the risk of each procedure performed, extracted by individual characteristics of the patient.The affirmative is significant because the data could be used by the regulatory body of practices with ionizing radiation in Brazil to establish a reference level in Activity that has not yet existed in the country.